- Ignatius Of Loyola
Saint Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola, was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of mission. Members of the order are called Jesuits. The compiler of the "Spiritual Exercises" and a gifted spiritual director, Ignatius has been described by Pope Benedict XVI as being "above all a man of God, … - Peter Paul Rubens
Peter Paul Rubens was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish and European painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, … - Lawrence Of Brindisi
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (July 22, 1559, Brindisi, Puglia - July 22, 1619), born "Giulio Cesare Russo", was a Roman Catholic friar, a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. He was beatified in 1783 by Pope Pius VI, canonized in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII, and declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope John XXIII in 1959. His feast day is July 21. Julio was born in Brindisi, Kingdom of Naples, to a family of Venetian merchants. - Caravaggio
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He is commonly placed in the Baroque school, of which he was the first great representative. Caravaggio was considered enigmatic, fascinating, rebellious, and dangerous. He burst upon the Rome art scene in 1600, and thereafter never lacked for commissions or patrons, yet handled his success atrociously. - Major Orders
The term major orders was a part of the clerical terminology of the Roman Catholic Church until shortly after the Second Vatican Council, when the use widely disappeared due to reform of the clerical structure. During the Counter-reformation, the Council of Trent issued a decree outlining the orders of the clergy. The first four, the minor orders, have various liturgical functions and were conferred upon seminarians studying for the priesthood. - Tomás Luis de Victoria
Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548 - August 20, 1611) was a Spanish composer of the late Renaissance. He was the most famous composer of the 16th century in Spain, and one of the most important composers of the Counter-Reformation, along with Palestrina, Orlando de Lassus, and William Byrd. - Péter Pázmány
Péter Pázmány de Panasz was a philosopher, theologian, cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman. He was an important figure in the Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary. - Piotr Skarga
Piotr Skarga (February 2, 1536 – September 27, 1612 ; actual name: "Piotr Powęski"; referred to in some English sources as "Peter Skarga") was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called the "Polish Bossuet" due to his oratorical abilities. Educated at Grójec and Kraków, he began life as a tutor to the family of Andrew Tenczynski, … - Federico Barocci
Federico Barocci (1528-1612) was an Italian Counter-Reformation or proto-Baroque painter and printmaker. His original name was Federico Fiori, and he was nicknamed Il Baroccio, which still in northwestern Italian dialects means a two wheel cart drawn by oxen. His work fills an oft-overlooked period of art; while in his day his work was highly esteemed and influential. - Vincenzo Ruffo
Vincenzo Ruffo (c.1508 - February 9, 1587) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the composers most responsive to the musical reforms suggested by the Council of Trent, especially in his composition of masses, and as such was an influential member of the Counter-Reformation. Vincenzo Ruffo was born at Verona, and became a priest there in 1531. Most likely he studied with Biagio Rossetti, the organist at the cathedral in Verona. - Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolf II (July 18, 1552 - January 20, 1612, Prague, now in the Czech Republic) was king of Hungary (as Rudolf, 1572-1608), king of Bohemia (as Rudolf II, 1575-1608/1611), archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V, 1576-1608), and Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf II, 1576-1612). He was a member of the Habsburg family. - Marc'Antonio Ingegneri
Marc'Antonio Ingegneri (also spelled Ingegnieri, Ingignieri, Ingignero, Inzegneri; c. 1547 - July 1, 1592) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance. He was born in Verona and died in Cremona. Even though he spent most of his life working in northern Italy, because of his stylistic similarity to Palestrina he is often considered to be a member of the Roman School of polyphonic church music. - James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald
James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, a member of the 16th century ruling Geraldine dynasty in the province of Munster in Ireland, rebelled against the crown authority of Queen Elizabeth I of England in response to the onset of the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland and was deemed an archtraitor. He led the first of the Desmond Rebellions in 1569, spent a period in exile in continental Europe, but returned to Ireland with an invasion force in 1579. He died shortly after landing. - Ivan Gundulić
Ivan (Dživo Franov) Gundulić (Italian: Giovanni Francesco Gondola(Spanish: Juan Francisco Gondola; January 9, 1589-December 8, 1638) is the most celebrated Croatian Baroque poet from the Republic of Ragusa. His work embodies central characteristics of Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation: religious fervor, insistence on "vanity of this world" and zeal in opposition to "infidels." Gundulić's major works-the epic poem "Osman", … - Melchior Klesl
Melchior Klesl (sometimes Khlesl, rarely Cleselius) (February 19, 1552 - September 18, 1630) was an Austrian statesman and cardinal of the Roman Catholic church during the time of the Counter-Reformation. Klesl was appointed Bishop of Vienna in 1598 and elevated to cardinal in 1616 - Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn
Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn was a Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, Echter was born in Mespelbrunn Castle, Spessart (Lower Franconia) and died in Würzburg. Educated in Mainz, Louvain, Douai, Paris, Angers, Pavia, and Rome. In Rome he became a licentiate of canon and civil law. In 1567 he entered on his duties as canon of Würzburg, an office to which he had been appointed in 1554; in 1570 he became the dean of the cathedral chapter, and in 1573, at the age of twenty-eight, … - Fidelis Of Sigmaringen
Fidelis of Sigmaringen is a Roman Catholic saint and martyr of the Counter-Reformation in Switzerland. - Saint John Ogilvie
John Ogilvie, was a Scottish Catholic martyr. Ogilvie, the son of a wealthy laird, was born into a respected Calvinist family near Keith in Banffshire, Scotland and was educated in mainland Europe where he attended a number of Catholic educational establishments, under the Benedictines at Regensburg in Germany and with the Jesuits at Olomouc and Brno in the present day Czech Republic. - Francesco Soriano
Francesco Soriano (1548 or 1549-1621) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most skilled members of the Roman School in the first generation after Palestrina. Soriano was born at Soriano, near Viterbo. He studied at the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome with several people including Palestrina, became a priest in the 1570s and by 1580 was "maestro di cappella" at S. Luigi dei Francesi, also in Rome. - Antonio Cifra
Antonio Cifra (1584 - October 2, 1629) was an Italian composer of the Roman School of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the significant transitional figures between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and produced music in both idioms. Cifra was born in Terracina. He studied with Giovanni Bernardino Nanino in the 1590s. From 1605 to 1607 he was music director at the Roman Seminary, … - Aegidius Tschudi
Aegidius (or Giles) Tschudi (February 5, 1505-February 28, 1572), was an eminent member of the Tschudi family, of Glarus, Switzerland. After having served his native land in various offices, in 1558 he became the chief magistrate or "Landarnmann", and in 1559 was ennobled by the Emperor Ferdinand, to whom he had been sent as ambassador. - Cecilia Ferrazzi
Cecilia Ferrazzi (1609-1684) was a Counter-Reformation Catholic prototype social worker, whose life was extensively involved with establishment and maintenance of women's houses of refuge in seventeenth century Italy. Born in Venice to a relatively prosperous artisanal family, Ferrazzi aspired to become a nun from an early age, and showed a strong aversion to the idea of marriage. - Benedetta Carlini
Benedetta Carlini (1591-1661) was a Catholic mystic and lesbian nun, who lived in Counter-Reformation Italy during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Judith Brown chronicled her life in "Immodest Acts" (1986), which discussed the events that led to her archival significance for historians of women's spirituality and lesbianism. - John Whitbourn
John Whitbourn (born 1958) is an author and tenth-generation (at least) inhabitant of southern England's Downs Country. Whitbourn is an archaeology graduate and published author since 1987. His first book, "A Dangerous Energy", won the BBC/Victor Gollancz Fantasy Novel Prize (judged by, amongst others, Terry Pratchett) in 1991. In 1562, Elizabeth I suffered from a near-fatal bout of smallpox. - Ludwig Pfyffer
Ludwig Pfyffer was a Swiss military leader, spokesman for Roman Catholic interests in the cantons, and probably the most important Swiss political figure in the latter half of the 16th century. For many years an active and intrepid warrior in the service of France, Pfyffer won fame by safely leading the royal family of Charles IX from Meaux to Paris while under Huguenot attack (1567). - Jakub Zadzik
Jakub Zadzik, Great Crown Secretary from 1613 to 1627, bishop of Chełmno from 1624, Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1627, Great Crown Chancellor from 1628 to 1635, bishop of Kraków from 1635, diplomat, szlachcic, magnate in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. His coat of arms was "Korab". In 1626 he convened the Sejm in Toruń to raise taxes for the war with Sweden and created a committee to reform the military treasury. - Vilmos Fraknói
Vilmos Fraknói was a prominent Hungarian historian. He was an expert of Hungarian ecclesiastical history. Vilmos Fraknói (originally "Vilmos Frank") came from a Jewish family in Upper Hungary. He studied Roman Catholic theology and philosophy, and was ordained a priest in 1865. He followed a successful ecclesial career: became canon of Nagyvárad in 1878, titular abbot of Szekszárd in 1879 and titular bishop of Arbe in 1892. - Pope Pius Pius X
Pope St. Pius X (June 2, 1835-August 20, 1914), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the 257th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903). He was the first Pope since the Counter-Reformation of Pope Pius V (1566–72) to be canonized. - Wolfgang Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
Wolfgang of Zweibrücken (26 September 1526 - 11 June 1569), was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken in 1532-1559. He was the only son of Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Elisabeth of Hesse. His father died in 1532, so the regency of Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to Louis' younger brother Rupert until 1543. In 1557 Wolfgang received the territory of Palatinate-Neuburg in accordance with the Contract of Heidelberg. - Otto IV of Schaumburg
Otto IV of Schaumburg (1517-1576), Count of Schauenburg-Pinneberg, adopted the teachings of Martin Luther and in his capacity as Count officially began the Reformation in Schauenburg-Pinneberg, areas which remained Protestant through the Counter-Reformation and to modern times. - John Of The Cross
Saint John of the Cross (June 24, 1542 - December 14, 1591) was a major figure in the Catholic Reformation, a Spanish mystic and Carmelite friar born at Fontiveros, a small village near Ávila. He is renowned for his cooperation with Saint Teresa of Avila in the reformation of the Carmelite order, … - Phillip II of Spain
Philip II (Spanish: "Felipe II de Habsburgo"; Portuguese: "Filipe I") (May 21, 1527 - September 13 1598) was the first official King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Provinces (holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count) from 1556 until 1581, … - Regina Protmann
Regina Prot(h)mann (also Brotmann; 1552 - 18 January 1613) was a pioneer in the establishment of community hospitals as well as starting schools for girls. She was beatified in 1999 by Pope John Paul II. Protmann came from a well-to-do patrician family in (Braunsberg), Warmia) in the part of Prussia depicted on a 1587 map by Olaus Magnus. Her first biographer, a Jesuit named Engelbert Keilert, described her as smart, well-versed, … - Charles Borromeo
Saint Charles Borromeo (October 2, 1538 – November 3, 1584) was an Italian saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. - Nicolaus Olahus
Nicolaus Olahus was the Archbishop of Gran (Esztergom), Primate of Hungary, and a distinguished Roman Catholic prelate. - Francis Borgia
St. Francis Borgia "(Spanish": San Francisco de Borja, October 28 1510, Gandia (Spain) - September 30 1572, Rome) was a Spanish Jesuit and 3d Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Canonised in 1671. - Francis de Sales
Saint Francis de Sales (in French, St François de Sales was bishop of Geneva and Roman Catholic saint. He worked to convert Protestants back to Catholicism, was an accomplished preacher, and wrote books on religious topics. - Pope Pius Pius V
Pope St. Pius V (January 17, 1504 - May 1 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri, from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Involved early on in the Inquisition, as Pope he resisted the influence of Protestants. - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (between 3 February 1525 and 2 February 1526 - 2 February, 1594) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was the most famous sixteenth-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition. Palestrina had a vast influence on the development of Roman Catholic church music, and his work can be seen as a summation of Renaissance polyphony. - Antoine of Lorraine Antoine Duke of Lorraine
Antoine, known as "the Good", was Duke of Lorraine from 1508-1544. On June 26, 1515, he married Renée of Bourbon-Montpensier, sister of Duke Charles III of Bourbon. In 1538, he claimed the titles of Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen upon the death of Charles of Egmond, but was unable to gain possession of them. Antoine was an adept of the Counter reformation. During his rule, he quelched several popular revolts.
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