- Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929 in Manhattan, New York City, USA) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.
- David Hilbert
David Hilbert was a German mathematician, recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He invented or developed a broad range of fundamental ideas, in invariant theory, the axiomatization of geometry, and with the notion of Hilbert space, one of the foundations of functional analysis. He adopted and warmly defended Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.
- Louis Agassiz
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was a Swiss-American zoologist, glaciologist, and geologist, the husband of educator Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz, and one of the first world-class American scientists.
- Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist. He was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics (with colleagues Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow) for combining electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force.
- Ahmed Zewail
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (born February 26 1946 in Damanhur, Egypt) is an Egyptian American chemist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. Born in Damanhur (60 km south-east of Alexandria) and raised in Disuq, he received his first degree from the University of Alexandria before moving from Egypt to the United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania. After some post doctorate work at the University of California, …
- Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American mathematical physicist, Fields Medalist, and professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. He is one of the world's leading researchers in string theory (as the founder of M-theory) and quantum field theory.
- Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese (born July 15 1928, Syracuse, New York) is an American microbiologist famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1967, although not by that name.
- Stanley B. Prusiner
Stanley Ben Prusiner (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist. Currently the director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Prusiner discovered prions, a class of infectious self-reproducing pathogens solely composed of protein. For his prion research he received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1994 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997.
- Roald Hoffmann
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937 as "Roald Safran" - Hoffmann is the surname adopted by his stepfather in the years after World War II) is an American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
- Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard is a German biologist who won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their research on the genetic control of embryonic development.
- Gabriel Lippmann
Gabriel Jonas Lippmann was a Franco-Luxembourgian physicist and inventor. He was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, known as the Lippmann plate. He was born to Franco-Jewish parents in Hollerich, Luxemburg. When Gabriel was three, his family moved back to France, to live in Paris, where he was homeschooled.
- Erwin Neher
Erwin Neher (born March 20, 1944) in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria is a German biophysicist. In 1966, He was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the US. He spent a year at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and earned a Masters Degree in Biophysics. In 1987, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.Along with Bert Sakmann, …
- Martin Kruskal
Martin David Kruskal (born September 28 1925 in New York, died December 26 2006) was an American mathematician and physicist. He was a student at the University of Chicago and at New York University, where he completed his Ph.D. under Richard Courant in 1952. Kruskal worked at Princeton University for many years, and later at Rutgers University. He worked on asymptotics, solitons and surreal numbers.
- Joseph Keller
Joseph B. Keller (born July 31, 1923, Paterson, New Jersey) is a U.S. mathematician. He obtained his PhD in 1948 from New York University under the supervision of Richard Courant. He was a Professor of Mathematics in the Courant Institute at New York University until 1979. Then he was Professor of Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University until 1993, when he became Professor Emeritus.
- David Baltimore
David Baltimore (b. March 7, 1938) is an American biologist and one of the recipients of the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He is currently the Robert A. Millikan Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he was the president from 1997 to 2006. He is also currently the president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Baltimore was born in New York City.
- Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright ForMemRS (December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory. Along with R. A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. Evolutionary biologists argue as to whether Fisher or Wright made the greater contribution. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees.
- Raoul Bott
Raoul Bott, FRS (born September 24 1923, died December 20 2005) was a mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense. He was born in Budapest, grew up in Slovakia, but spent his working life in the United States. His family emigrated to Canada in 1938, and subsequently he served in the Canadian Army in Europe during World War II. He later went to college at McGill University in Montreal, …
- Bert Sakmann
Bert Sakmann (born June 12, 1942) is a German cell physiologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Erwin Neher in 1991 for their work on "the function of single ion channels in cells," and invention of the patch clamp. Bert Sakmann is Professor and director of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. Born in Stuttgart, Sakmann enrolled in Volksschule in Lindau, and completed the Wagenburg gymnasium in Stuttgart in 1961.
- Oliver Smithies
Oliver Smithies invented Gel electrophoresis in 1950. He later discovered, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi, the technique of homologous combination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind Knock-out mice.
- Bruce Alberts
Dr. Bruce Alberts (b. 1938) is an American biochemist. He is noted particularly for his extensive study of the protein complexes that allow chromosomes to be replicated, as required for a living cell to divide. He was President of the National Academy of Sciences from 1993 to 2005.
- François Jacob
François Jacob is a Jewish French biologist who, together with Jacques Monod, originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through feedback on transcription. He won a third of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1965; it was split between him, Jacques Monod, and André Lwoff.
- James D. Watson
James Dewey Watson born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".
- Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg (born March 3, 1918) is an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University. He has also been awarded the Paul-Lewis Laboratories Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, …
- Jean-Pierre Serre
Jean-Pierre Serre (born September 15, 1926) is one of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century, active in algebraic geometry, number theory and topology. He has received numerous awards and honors for his mathematical research and exposition, including the Fields Medal in 1954 and the Abel Prize in 2003.
- John Archibald Wheeler
John Archibald Wheeler (born July 9, 1911) is an eminent American theoretical physicist. One of the later collaborators of Albert Einstein, he tried to achieve Einstein's vision of a unified field theory. He is also known as the coiner of the popular name of the well known space phenomenon, the black hole.
- Frank Westheimer
Frank Henry Westheimer (January 15, 1912 - April 14, 2007) was an American chemist. He was the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Harvard University, and the Westheimer medal is named in his honour. Born in Baltimore, he graduated from Dartmouth and earned his doctorate in chemistry from Harvard in 1935. He was a member of President Lyndon Johnson's science advisory committee from 1967 to 1970.
- Torsten Wiesel
Torsten Nils Wiesel (b. June 3, 1924) was a Swedish co-recipient with David H. Hubel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
- Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an American molecular biologist born of Indian Punjabi heritage in British India. He was awarded the Nobel prize (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966.
- Renato Dulbecco
Renato Dulbecco (born February 22, 1914) is an Italian-born virologist. He was born in Catanzaro (Southern Italy) from a Calabrese mother and a Ligurian father. He graduated from high school at 16, then moved to the University of Turin. Despite a strong interest for mathematics and physics, he decided to study medicine. At only 22, he graduated in morbid anatomy and pathology under the supervision of professor Giuseppe Levi.
- Charles Hard Townes
Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. Townes is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. He received a B.A. and B.S. from Furman University, an M.A. from Duke University, a Ph.D. from Caltech, and is currently a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
- Britton Chance
Britton Chance (born July 24, 1913) is Eldridge Reeves Johnson University Professor Emeritus of Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania. He received a Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1940 and a second at Cambridge University in 1942. In 1952 he received as D.Sc. from Cambridge. His research interests focus on the use of infrared light to characterize the properties of various tissues and the breast tumors.
- Inge Lehmann
Inge Lehmann (May 13, 1888 - February 21, 1993), Fellow of the Royal Society (London) 1969, was a Danish seismologist who, in 1936, argued that the Earth must not only have a molten interior, but a solid core at the centre, which deflects P waves. She also wrote a book called "P", which dealt with P waves and other aspects of seismography. She was awarded the Tagea Brandt Rejselegat twice, in 1938 and 1967.
- Paul J. Crutzen
Paul Jozef Crutzen (born December 3, 1933, Amsterdam) is a Dutch Nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. Crutzen is best known for his research on ozone depletion. He lists his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate". He currently works at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, in Mainz, …
- Friedrich Hirzebruch
Friedrich E.P. Hirzebruch is a German mathematician, working in the fields of topology, complex manifolds and algebraic geometry, and a leading figure in his generation. He was born in Hamm, Westphalia. He studied at the University of Münster from 1945-1950, with one year at ETH Zürich. He then had a position at Erlangen, followed by the years 1952-54 at IAS in Princeton, New Jersey.
- Frank Press
Dr. Frank Press (born December 4, 1924) is an American geophysicist. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Press is the recipient of 30 honorary degrees. He graduated with his B.S. degree from the City College of New York (1944). Went on to complete his M.A. (1946) and Ph.D. (1949) degrees from Columbia University.
- Walter Gilbert
Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and educated at the Sidwell Sunny School, Harvard University and the University of Cambridge, later joining the faculty at Harvard. Together with Allan Maxam he developed a new DNA sequencing method.
- Israel Gelfand
Israïl Moiseevich Gelfand (born on September 2, 1913) is a mathematician.
- Harold E. Varmus
Harold Elliot Varmus (b. December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel prize winning scientist. He was a co-recipient (along with J. Michael Bishop) of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. Varmus was born to Jewish parents of Eastern European descent in Freeport, New York. In 1957, he enrolled at Amherst College, intending to follow in his father's footsteps as a medical doctor, …
- Richard Zare
Richard N. Zare (born November 19, 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American chemist. He is currently Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. He earned his B.A. in 1961 and his Ph.D. in 1964 in physical and analytical chemistry at Harvard University under the direction of Dudley Herschbach. He is well known for his research in laser chemistry, resulting in a greater understanding of chemical reactions at the molecular level.
- Hartmut Michel
Hartmut Michel is a German biochemist and Nobel Laureate. He was born 18 July 1948 in Ludwigsburg. After compulsory military service, he studied biochemistry at Tubingen University, working for his final year at Dieter Oesterhelt’s laboratory on ATPase activity of halobacteria. In 1986, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.