Wenceslaus, called the Drunkard, was, by election, King of the Romans from 1376 and, by inheritance, King of Bohemia (as "Wenceslaus IV") from 1378. He was the third Bohemian and second German monarch of the House of Luxembourg. He was never crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, as would have been customary for a "King of the Romans," and he was deposed in 1400 from his elected royal office, …

Syagrius (born 430, died 486 or 487) was the son of Aegidius, the last Roman "magister militum per Gallias", who had preserved a rump state around Soissons after the collapse of central rule in the western empire. Syagrius governed this Gallo-Roman enclave as Dux from the death of his father in 464 until 486, when his kingdom was destroyed by the territorial expansion of the Frankish kingdom of Clovis I. Having been defeated at his capital in the Battle of Soissons, …

Frederick II (December 26, 1194 - December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, and of Italy, and of Burgundy. He was Holy Roman Emperor from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death. His original title was King of Sicily, which he held as Frederick I from 1198 to death.

Charles V (or Charles I of Spain) (24 February 1500 - 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands (1506-1555), King of Aragon (1516-1556), King (until 1555 on behalf of his mother the queen Joana I) of Castile (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily (1516-1554), Archduke of Austria (1519-1521), King of the Romans (or German King), (1519-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558) and Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558).

Frederick III of Habsburg (September 21 1415 - August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440. Born in Innsbruck, he was the son of Duke Ernest the Iron from the Leopoldinian line of the Habsburg family ruling Inner Austria, i.e. Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and of Ernest's wife Cymburgis of Masovia. As an Austrian Habsburg Duke, he became Frederick V in 1424.

Sigismund was Holy Roman Emperor for 4 years from 1433 until 1437. He was also one of the longest ruling Kings of Hungary reigning for 50 years from 1387 to 1437. Like many other rulers of his era, he held a number of other titles. These included: * Margrave of Brandenburg (1378–88 and 1411–15) * King of the Romans (1410–33) * King of Bohemia (titulary from 1419, "de facto" from 1437)

Joseph I (July 26, 1678 - April 17, 1711), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, was the elder son of the emperor Leopold I and his third wife, Eleanora, Countess Palatine, daughter of Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine. Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich Otto von Salm and became a good linguist. In 1687 he received the crown of Hungary and became King of the Romans on January 6, 1690.

Henry VII, (In German: "Heinrich"; in Italian: "Arrigo"), ca. 1275-1313, of the House of Luxembourg, was King of the Romans from 1308 to 1313, and also Holy Roman Emperor from 1312.

Conrad IV (25 April, 1228 - 21 May, 1254) was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) (1228-1254), of Germany (1237-1254), and of Sicily (as Conrad I) (1250-1254). He was a son of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II and the queen regnant of Jerusalem, Yolanda. Born in Andria, Conrad was the second but only surviving son of Frederick and Yolanda, who died while bearing him. Conrad lived in Italy until 1235, when he first visited Germany.

Henry VI (November 1165 - 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.

Albert II of Habsburg (August 10, 1397 - October 27, 1439), was King of the Romans (ruler of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire) from 1438 until his death. He was also King of Bohemia and Hungary and, as Albert V, Duke of Austria

Frederick II (1090 - 6 April 1147), called the One-Eyed, was duke of Swabia. He was the eldest son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, and Agnes of Germany. He succeeded his father in 1105. In 1121 he married Judith of Bavaria, a member of the powerful House of Guelph. On the death of Emperor Henry V, his uncle, Frederick stood for election as King of the Romans with the support of his younger brother Conrad, duke of Franconia and several houses.

Anna, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, also sometimes known as "Anna Jagellonica" (July 23, 1503 - January 27, 1547) was, by marriage to Ferdinand I, King of the Romans and later Holy Roman Emperor, Queen of the Romans, and heiress of the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. She was the elder child and only daughter of king Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary (1456-1516) and his fourth wife Anna of Foix-Candale. She was an older sister of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, …

Count Floris V of Holland and Zeeland (June 24, 1254-June 27, 1296), "der Keerlen God" (God of the Peasants), is one of the most important figures of the first, native dynasty of Holland (833-1299). His life has been documented in detail in the "Rijmkroniek" by Melis Stoke, his chronicler. He is credited with a mostly peaceful reign, modernizing administration, policies beneficial to trade, generally acting in the interests of his peasants at the expense of nobility, …

Casimir IV Jagiellon of the Jagiellon dynasty, was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440, and King of Poland from 1447, until his death. Casimir was the second son of King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and the younger brother of Władysław III of Varna.

Elisabeth de Gorizia de Tirol de Carantania (c. 1262 - 28 October 1312) was Queen consort of the Holy Roman Empire and Duchess of Austria, etc.

Henry (VII) (1211 - February 12 (?), 1242), was King of the Romans, King of Sicily, and Duke of Swabia. He was the son and co-king of Emperor Frederick II and elder brother of King Conrad IV of Germany.

Sofia of Bavaria (1376 - 26 September 1425) was a Queen of Bohemia and the wife of Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (as "King of the Romans"). She was a daughter of John II, Duke of Bavaria and of the House of Wittelsbach. On 2 May 1389, she married Wenceslaus, thus becoming Queen of the Romans and Queen of Bohemia. Her marriage with Wenceslaus did not produce surviving children, …

Maria Josepha, Princess of Bavaria, was the daughter of Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria and Maria Amalia of Austria. She was a member of the house of Wittelsbach. Born on 30 March 1739 in Munich, Bavaria, on 23 January 1765, she married the widowed Joseph, King of the Romans, and heir of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, in Schönbrunn Palace. Upon her father-in-law's death on 18 August 1765, Maria Josepha became, in name, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.

Henry VI was count of Luxembourg from the death of his father, Henry V the Blond in 1281 until his own death, seven years later, when he was succeeded by his son, Henry VII. Henry was the son of Henry V the Blond and Marguerite de Bar-le-Duc. His father took part in Saint Louis's crusade against Tunis and he continued this war, being killed at the Battle of Worringen by a knight of John I, Duke of Brabant. Henry married Beatrice d'Avesnes (d. 1 March 1321, …

Elisabeth, Burggravine of Nuremberg, was the daughter of Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen. She was a member of the House of Hohenzollern. She was born in 1358, and on 27 June 1374 married Rupert, then heir to the Elector Palatine, Rupert II. Elisabeth became Electress Palatine when Rupert succeeded to his father's estate 6 January 1398, and Queen of the Romans when Rupert was elected King of the Romans on 21 August 1400.

Leopold III (1073 - November 15, 1136) was the Margrave of Austria in 1095-1136. Also known as Saint Leopold (his feast day is November 15), he is patron saint of Austria, of Vienna, Lower Austria, and, jointly with Saint Florian, of Upper Austria. Leopold was the son of Margrave Leopold II and Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg. He married twice. His first wife may have been one of the von Perg family, who died in 1105.

Saint Casimir Jagiellon, patron saint of Poland and Lithuania, was prince of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A member of the Jagiellon dynasty, Casimir was born at Wawel, the royal palace in Kraków, and died at Hrodna. Casimir was the grandson of Władysław II Jagiełło and was the second son of king Casimir IV and queen Elizabeth of Austria. His grandfather was Albert II Habsburg, king of Bohemia, king of Hungary, …

Duke Rudolph II of Austria, titular "Duke of Swabia" (1270-May 10, 1290) was the younger son of Rudolph of Habsburg, from 1273 King of the Romans, and Gertrude of Hohenburg. In December 1282 he became Duke of Austria and Styria jointly with his brother Albert I. However, in the Treaty of Rheinfelden (June 1, 1283) he had to waive his share. He married 1289 Agnes of Bohemia (1269-96), daughter of Otakar II of Bohemia and had one son John.

Albrecht I of Habsburg (July 1255 - May 1, 1308), sometimes named as Albert I, was King of Germany, Duke of Austria, and eldest son of German King Rudolph I of Habsburg and Gertrude of Hohenburg. The founder of the great house of Habsburg was invested with the duchies of Austria and Styria, together with his brother Rudolph II, in 1282. In 1283 his father entrusted him with their sole government, and he appears to have ruled them with conspicuous success.

John Henry of Luxembourg, Czech: "Jan Jindřich", German: "Johann Heinrich" (12 February 1322, Mělník-12 November 1375), was Margrave of Moravia. He was born as the third surviving son of Queen Elisabeth I of Bohemia and King John of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg. Margraviate of Moravia was given to him as his appanage. His first wife, Margaret, Countess of Tirol, the heiress of his family's rival Henry, Duke of Carinthia, …

Johanna of Bavaria was the daughter of Albert, Count of Holland, and Margaretha, the eldest daughter of Ludwik, Duke of Silesia. She was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and a granddaughter of the Emperor Louis IV. She was born c. 1362 in Nuremberg, and on 29 September 1370 married Wenceslaus, son of the Emperor Charles IV. On Wenceslaus' election as King of the Romans on 10 June 1376, …

William II of Holland, (February 1228-28 January 1256), was a count of Holland and Zeeland (1235-1256) and titular King of the Romans (1247-1256). He was the son of Floris IV and Mathilde of Brabant. When his father was killed at a tournament at Corbie, William was only seven years old. His uncles William and Otto (bishop of Utrecht) were his guardians until 1239. With the help of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and the archbishop of Cologne, …

Leopold I (August 4, 1290 - February 28, 1326) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from the Habsburg family. He was the third son of King Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Tirol. He was a brother of Duke Frederick III "the Handsome" (also King of the Romans). After the death of his parents, he became the head of the House of Habsburg. As the administrator of Further Austria, he incurred a decisive loss against the Swiss in the Battle of Morgarten in 1315.

Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild, elector and archbishop of Mainz, son of George, count of Henneberg, entered the ecclesiastical profession, and after passing through its lower stages, was made archbishop of Mainz in 1484. He appears to have been a firm supporter of law and order, an enemy of clerical abuses and a careful administrator of his diocese. Immediately after his election as archbishop he began to take a leading part in the business of the Empire, …

Alfonso X was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Galicia, Castile and León from 1252 until his death. He was elected Rex Romanorum in 1254. His nicknames were "el Sabio" ("the Wise", more accurately translated "the Learned") and "el Astrólogo" ("the Astronomer").

Richard of Cornwall was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243), Earl of Cornwall (from 1227) and German King (formally "King of the Romans", from 1257). He was born at Winchester Castle, the second son of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme, and thus, the younger brother of King Henry III. He was made High Sheriff of Berkshire at the age of only eight, was styled Count of Poitou from 1225 and Earl of Cornwall from 1227.

Henry of Kalden or Henry Testa of Bappenheim was a "ministerialis" in the service of the German kings Henry VI, Philip, Otto IV, and Frederick II. He served Henry as marshal while the latter was yet just King of the Romans in his campaign of 1189-1190 to capture the Sicilian kingdom as his right by marriage to Constance. Henry of Kalden invaded the Abruzzi, sacking Amiterno and Chieti before joining up with Roger, Count of Andria, and Richard, …

Napoleon II of the French, Duke of Reichstadt was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and briefly the second Emperor of the French. "Napoléon François Joseph Charles", known from birth as the King of Rome, was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and his second wife, Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. He was styled as "His Majesty the King of Rome", which Napoleon I declared was the courtesy title of the heir-apparent.

Ferdinand IV (September 8, 1633 - July 9, 1654) was King of the Romans, of Hungary, and of Bohemia. He was born in Vienna, the eldest son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Ana of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. He was an older brother of Mariana of Austria and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. He was made King of Bohemia in 1646, King of Hungary in 1647, …

Margaret of Austria (born in c 1204, died 29 October 1266) was (titularly) reigning Duchess of Austria in 1252-60, Queen Consort of the Romans 1225-35, and Queen consort of Bohemia 1253-60. She was the eldest daughter of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria and Theodora Angelina, from the Byzantine imperial family. Margaret was the eldest sister of Frederick II, Duke of Austria, last Duke from the Babenberg dynasty, who died childless in 1246, leaving a succession crisis.

Frederick the Handsome or the Fair (c. 1289 - 13 January 1330), from the House of Habsburg, was the Duke of Austria as Frederick I and King of Germany as Frederick III. Frederick was the son of Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Tirol. After the death of his elder brother Rudolf and the assassination of his father in 1308, he became the ruler of Austria on behalf of himself and his younger brothers.

Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg from 1325 until 1344. Ulrich was already strongly involved in politics during the reign of his father Eberhard I. In 1319 he handled a treaty with King Frederick I, the Handsome. He renewed this treaty after assuming reign in 1325, when Württemberg had temporarily joined sides with Louis IV. Both Ludwig and Frederick claimed power in the Holy Roman Empire at this time.