Shahbuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan, January 5, 1592 - January 22, 1666) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in the Indian Subcontinent from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "King of the World." He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. After revolting against his father Jahangir, as the latter had revolted against Akbar, he succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627.

Mumtāz Mahal is the common nickname of Arjumand Banu Begum, who was born in April, 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jehan who subsequently became the wife of the emperor Jahangir, and she was religiously a Muslim. She was married at the age of 19, on May 10, 1612, to Prince Khurram, who would later ascend the Peacock Throne as Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I. She was his second wife, and became his favorite.

Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, also known as "Akbar the Great" ("Akbar-e-Azam") (October 15 1542 - October 12 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. His lineage was Turkic, and more distantly Mongolian. Only 13 when he ascended to the throne (because of the death of his father Humayun by falling from the stairs of his library), …

Begam Nur Jahan (1577 - 1645) was a Mughal empress. Begam Nur Jehan was the twentieth and favourite wife of Mughal Emperor Jehangir, who was her second husband. The story of the couple's infatuation for each other and the relationship that abided between them is the stuff of many (often apocryphal) legends.

Muhammad Shah was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. He was the grandson of Bahadur Shah I. Ascending the throne at the age of seventeen with the help of the Saiyid Brothers, he later got rid of them through revolutions. During his reign, the Mughal empire eventually broke up into a loosely-knit collection of several regional states, each with its own ruler, thus declining the authority of the emperor into a greater extent.

Aurangzeb, also known as Alamgir I, (November 3, 1618 - March 3, 1707) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until his death. He was the sixth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb was notable for his piety and zeal. Strict adherence to Islam and Sharia (Islamic law)-as he interpreted them-were the foundations of his reign. He codified and instituted Sharia law throughout the empire, …

Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, also known as "Akbar the Great" ("Akbar-e-Azam") (October 15 1542 - October 27 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. Though only 13 when he ascended to the throne, he is widely considered the greatest of the Mughal emperors.

Nasiruddin Humayun, was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled modern Afghanistan, Pakistan,and the northern parts of India from 1530-1540 and again from 1555-1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a rather bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty of Kabul and Lahore, …

Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (Urdu: ') or Bahadur Shah II, (Urdu:), also known as Bahadur Shah"' ("Zafar" (Urdu:) was his "nom de plume", or "takhallus, as an Urdu poet), was the last of the Mughal emperors in India. He was born on October 24, 1775, and was the son of Akbar Shah II from his Hindu wife Lalbai. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his father's death on September 28, 1838.

Shah Alam II (1728-1806) was a Mughal emperor of India. He inherited the throne from his father, Alamgir II as Shah Alam II (1761-1805). Prince Ali Gauhar, afterwards Emperor Shah Alam II, had been the heir apparent of his father, Emperor Azizuddin Alamgir II. Alamgir's unscrupulous minister (Wazir), Ghaziuddin, had completely dominated the emperor and kept Ali Gauhar under surveillance. After an escape from Delhi, Ali Gauhar appeared in the eastern provinces in 1759, …

Shaikh Salim Chisti (1418-1572) was one of the famous Sufi saints of the Chishti Order in India. Salim Chisti was the descendant of the famous Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti whose tomb is in Ajmer, Rajasthan. Salim Chisti was greatly revered saint, and the Mughal emperor Akbar also kept him in high regard. The legend states that Akbar was not getting any offspring, and he prayed through Salim Chisti. Salim Chisti blessed Akbar, and three sons were born to him.

Babur is said to have been extremely strong and physically fit. He could allegedly carry two men, one on each of his shoulders, and then climb slopes on the run, just for exercise. Legend holds that Babur swam across every major river he encountered, including twice across the Ganges River in North India.

Nuruddin Salim Jahangir was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگير, meaning "Conqueror of the World," "World-Conqueror," or "Dominant over the World." Alternative spellings of the name include "Jehangir", and "Cihangir" (in Turkish). Nuruddin or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name which means "the Light of the Faith."

Alamgir II was the Mughal emperor of India between 1754 and 1759. He was the son of Jahandar Shah. Aziz-ud-Din, the second son of Jahandar Shah, was raised to the throne by Ghazi-ud-Din after he deposed Ahmad Shah in 1754. On ascending the throne, he took the title of Alamgir and tried to follow the approach of Aurangzeb Alamgir. At the time of his accession to throne he was an old man of 55 years.

Muazzam Bahadur Shah (Persian: <big><big></big></big>; "Bahādur Shāh"; his name "Bahādur" means "brave"; October 14, 1643 - February 1712), also known as Shah Alam I was a Mughal emperor who briefly ruled India from 1707 to 1712.

Jahandar Shah (1661-1713) was a Mughal Emperor who ruled Hindustan for a brief period in 1712-1713 AD. Jahandar Shah was born on May 9, 1661, a son of the future emperor Bahadur Shah I. Upon the death of their father, he and his brother Azim-ush-shan both declared themselves emperor and conducted a struggle for the succession. Azim-ush-shan was killed in 1712 itself and Jahandar Shah was able to rule for a further few months.

Furrukhsiyar was the Mughal emperor between 1713 and 1719 AD. Noted as a handsome but weak ruler, easily swayed by his advisors, Farukhsiyar lacked the ability and character to rule independently. His reign witnessed the primacy of the Saiyid Brothers who became the effective powers of the land, behind the façade of Mughal rule.

Muhammad Azam Shah (1653 - 1707) was a Mughal emperor for a brief period between February and June 1707. He was the son of Aurangzeb by his wife Dilrus Bano Bagum, and thus a full brother of Muhammad Akbar. Like his brother, Azam Shah married (1668) a daughter of Dara Shikoh. Upon the death of his father Aurangzeb on February 21, 1707, Azam Shah proclaimed himself emperor and attempted to seize the throne.

Akbar Shah II (1760 - 1837), also known as Mirza Akbar, was the second-to-last of the Mughal emperors of India. He held the title from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah Zafar II. Akbar had little real power due to the increasing British control of India through the East India Company. Shortly before his death he sent Ram Mohan Roy as an ambassador to England.

Mir Jumla (1591-1663 CE) was a prominent subahdar (governor) of Bengal in Eastern India under the Indian Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. An Iranian by birth, his original name was Mir Muhammad Said. He received various titles from the Indian emperor such as Muazzam Khan, Khan-i-Khanan, Sipahsalar and Yar-i-Wafahdar, but he became more popular in history as Mir Jumla.

Mir Qasim (also spelt Mir Kasim (d. 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1764. He was installed as Nawab by the British East India Company replacing Mir Jafar, his father-in-law, who had himself been installed by the British after his treacherous role in the Battle of Palashi. However, Mir Jafar had started to act rebelliously by trying to tie up with the Dutch East India Company, and eventually the British overran the Dutch forces at Chinsura.

Ahmed Shah Bahadur (1725-1775) was born in 1725 to Mohammed Shah. He succeeded his father to the throne as the 15th Mughal Emperor in 1748 at the age of 23. His mother was Udham Bai, (also known as Kudsiya Begam). When Ahmed Shah came to power the rule of the Mughal Empire was collapsing. During the reign of his father the city of Delhi (the Mughal capital) had been plundered and much of northern India had been ransacked by the invading army of Nadir Shah).

Mohammed Ibrahim was the 13th Mughal emperor. The brother of Rafi Ul-Darjat and Rafi Ud-Daulat, he took the throne in 1720, after a war of succession to inherit the short-lived Furrukhsiyar throne against the Sayyid brothers. He was the claimant of the Sayyids after Muhammad Shah joined the Nizam 's camp. After the Sayyids' defeat, he was sent back to harem. He died in 1744. <br>

Princess Manmati, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani Begum Sahiba Jodh Bai, née Rajkumari Shri Manavati Baiji Lall Sahiba (b.May 13, 1573 - d.April 18, 1619, Agra) was a lady of Rajput birth who became the wife and mother of mughal emperors. Manmati was born the daughter of Raja Shri Udai Singhji Sahib Bahadur (Udai Singh), Raja of Jodhpur, by his wife Shri Rajavat Kachavahi Rani Manrang Deviji Sahiba (Rani Manrang Devi).

Shah Jahan III was Mughal Emperor briefly. He was the grandson of Kam Bakhsh. He was placed on the Mughal throne in 1759 but subsequently deposed by Wazir Ghazi-ud-Din 1760. In 1759, Delhi was briefly captured by the Marathas. <br>

Nikusiyar Mohammed was the 12th Mughal Emperor. He took the throne in 1719 at the age of 40 plus. He was son of rebel Akbar, son of Aurangzeb and was brought up in a harem in Agra. The local Minister Birbal (not the Birbal of Akbar's fame) used him as puppet and proclaimed him emperor. But as the prince had spent his life inside harem and talked like a catamite, he was laughingly ignored and again put in jail by the Saiyid Brothers. He died around 1743 at age of 63. <br>

Rafi-ul Darajat, son of Rafi-us-shaan (brother of Azim ush Shan) was the 10th Mughal Emperor. He succeeded Furrukhsiyar in 1719, being proclaimed Badshah by the Saiyid Brothers. He was a controversial figure and was deposed shortly afterwards and killed at the behest of the Saiyid Brothers in 1719 at Delhi because one of the Saiyids fell in love with his wife. <br>

Rafi ud Daulat also known as Shah Jahan II was Mughal emperor for a brief period in 1719 AD. He succeeded his short-lived brother Rafi Ul-Darjat in that year, being proclaimed Badshah by the Saiyid Brothers. Like his brother, he also died in 1719 AD at Delhi, being deposed and killed at the behest of the Saiyid Brothers. After his death he was succeeded by the unfortunate Nikusiyar who was a nominal sovereign (and whose reign is sometimes discounted).

Timur Shah Durrani (1748 - May 18, 1793) was ruler of Khorasan from October 16, 1772, until his death in 1793. He was the second son of Ahmad Shah Durrani and the second king of the Durrani Empire. Timur Shah had a quick rise to power by marrying the daughter of Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. He received Sirhind as a wedding gift and later his father (Ahmad Shah Durrani) made him governor of Punjab, Kashmir and the Sirhind district in 1757 when he was only 9 years old.

"Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" or "Tuzk-i-Jahangiri" is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor Nor-u-Din Muhammad Jahangir (1569-1609). Tuzk-e-Jahangiri is written in Persian. Jahangir was a good writer and loved nature. Jahangir recorded detailed description about wildlife in his autobiography. Jahangir admired and especially master paintings and collected many of them in his palace. Many of them survive and are found in the museums around the world.

Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan was the father of Arjumand Banu Begum, also known as Mumtaz Mahal, who was the wife of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Asaf Khan was also the elder brother of Mehrunissa, (better known as Nur Jehan), the empress of Shah Jahan's father, Jahangir. Asaf Khan was appointed Governor of Lahore Juju Bean by Emperor Jahangir in 1625.

Tardi Beg was a military commander in the 16th century in modern-day India. He served under the Mughal Emperors Humayun and Akbar. Beg was part of the Humayun forces when they retreated from India after the siege by Sher Shah. He remained with his leader throughout his exile in Persia. It is reported that he was disliked by both the troops and generals and was eventually killed for cowardice by Bairam Khan.

Mirza Nali (born Mirza Mohammad Nali, Shahzada of the Mughal kingdom 1784-1860), was the Crown Prince before Bahadur Shah II. He was the son of Akbar Shah II who became an outlaw after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. He took refuge in parts of Hindustan. Akbar Shah Badshah died in the evening on September 28, 1837. Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Mohammed Bahadur Shah Badshah Gazi ascended the throne of Delhi.

Ladli Begum (b. 1594) was the daughter of Nur Jahan (nee Mehrunnisa begum) by her first husband Sher Afghan. Ladli's father was executed in 1607. Her mother later wed the mughal emperor Jehangir and took the name Nur Jahan. As the favourite wife of Jehangir, Nur Jahan used her great influence to arrange the marriage of Ladli with Shahryar, son of Jehangir by a different wife. Thus, Ladli came to wed her mother's step-son.

Dona Juliana Dias da Costa (1658-1733) was a woman of Portuguese descent from Kochi taken to the Mughal Empire's court of Aurangzeb in Hindustan, that became Harem-Queen to the Mughal emperor of India Bahadur Shah I, Aurangzeb's son, who became king in 1707. Dona Juliana's family was protected by the Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri after they had fled the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Kochi ("Cochin"). She ended up in the Mughal court at Delhi, …

A Chinggisid was a descendant of Ghengis Khan, one of his lineage. Chinggis is a preferred spelling for Ghengis. Although many spellings are found in literature, "Chinggis Khan" is the spelling used by the modern Republic of Mongolia. Mongolia's main international airport in the capital Ulan Bator has been renamed Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Babur and Humayun, who founded of the Mughal Empire in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids.

Prince Mirza Zafar as the Head Of the Family: Begum Gulbodon "and" ShamejUddin Mullah as the Head of the family: <br>

Ghaziudin Khan Bahadur was the wazir of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan III.