James Stuart was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old. Regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1581. On 24 March 1603, as James I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue.

Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles famously engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. As he was an advocate of the Divine Right of Kings, many in England feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power. There was widespread opposition to many of his actions, especially the levying of taxes without Parliament's consent.

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart, the Old Pretender was the son of the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scots, and as such laid claim to the English and Scottish thrones (as James III of England and VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701, and was publicly proclaimed by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones. From the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St.

Lady Jane Grey, formally Jane of England, a grand-niece of Henry VIII of England, reigned as uncrowned Queen regnant of the Kingdom of England for nine days in July 1553. Though Jane's accession, pursuant to the Will of King Edward VI, may have breached the laws of England, many powers of the land proved willing to accept her as Queen of England, even if only as part of a power-struggle to stop Henry's elder daughter, Princess Mary, a Roman Catholic, …

Mary I (18 February, 1516 - 17 November, 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until her death on 17 November, 1558. Mary, the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, after the uncrowned Jane Grey and before Elizabeth I, is remembered for briefly returning England to Roman Catholicism.

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart (December 31, 1720 - January 31, 1788), was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and was commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart who was in turn the son of King James II of England and Ireland (James VII of Scotland), who had been deposed in the Revolution of 1688.

Charles II (29 May 1630 - 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. According to royalists, Charles II became king when his father Charles I was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, the climax of the Second English Civil War. The English Parliament did not proclaim Charles II king at this time, however, and England entered the period known to history as the English Interregnum. The Parliament of Scotland, on the other hand, …

Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart (March 11 1725 - July 13 1807) was the fourth and final Jacobite heir publicly to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Unlike his father, James Francis Edward Stuart, and brother, Charles Edward Stuart, Henry made no effort to seize the throne. In January 1766 the Papacy recognised the Hanoverian dynasty as lawful rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.

George I was the first Hanoverian King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, from 1 August 1714 until his death. He was also the Archbannerbearer (afterwards Archtreasurer) and a Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. She is sometimes referred to as The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, and was immortalised by Edmund Spenser as the Faerie Queene.

George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. He was the last British monarch to have been born outside of Great Britain, and was famous for his numerous conflicts with his father and, subsequently, with his son. As king, he exercised little control over policy in his early reign, …

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding King William III. Her Roman Catholic father, James II, was forcibly deposed in 1688; her brother-in-law and her sister then became joint monarchs as William III and Mary II, the only such case in British history. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until his own death in 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, …

George III (New Style dates) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was concurrently Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and thus Elector (and later King) of Hanover. The Electorate became the Kingdom of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, …

Victor Emmanuel I (July 24, 1759 - January 10, 1824) was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, and Aosta, and King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821. The second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel was known from birth as the Duke of Aosta. He succeeded his brother, Charles Emmanuel IV, as King of Sardinia upon the latter's abdication in 1802. In 1793 he took an active part in the struggle of the old powers against the French Revolutionary forces in Savoy, but, …

James II of England (also known as James VII of Scotland; 14 October 1633 - 16 September 1701) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685, and Duke of Normandy on 31 December 1660. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England, and Kingdom of Ireland. Many of his subjects distrusted his religious policies and supposed despotism, …

Charles Emmanuel IV was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802.

William III of England (The Hague, 14 November 1650 - Kensington Palace, 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic from 28 June 1672, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scotland from 11 April 1689, in each case until his death.

Henry VIII was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. Henry was then the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry VIII is infamous for having been married six times. He wielded perhaps the most unfettered power of any English monarch, and brought about the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the union of England and Wales. He also introduced Protestantism to England.

Edward III (13 November 1312 - 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, he went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government-in particular the evolution of the English parliament-as well as the ravages of the Black Death.

Edward VI (12 October 1537 - 6 July 1553) became King of England, King of France (in practice only the town and surrounding district of Calais) and Ireland on 28 January 1547, and crowned on 20 February, at just nine years of age. Edward, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first ruler who was Protestant at the time of his ascension to the throne.

Duke Francis V of Modena (Italian: Francesco V d'Este) (1 June 1819-20 November 1875), the eldest son of Francis IV of Modena and of Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy. On March 30, 1842, Francis married Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria. The couple had only one child, Princess Anna Beatrice, who was born October 19, 1848, and died July 8, 1849. At the death of his father Duke Francis IV of Modena, January 21, 1846, …

Maria Beatrice Victoria Josephine of Savoy (December 6, 1792 - September 15, 1840) was the eldest daughter of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este. Her maternal grandparents were Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Heiress of Modena. Ferdinand was the fourteenth child and third son born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria.

Henry VII (January 28 1457 - April 21 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22 1485 - April 21 1509), was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Henry allied with the Habsburg empire as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Richard III (2 October 1452 - 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death. He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses and the end of the Plantagenet dynasty. After the death of his brother King Edward IV, Richard briefly governed as regent for Edward's son King Edward V with the title of Lord Protector, …

Maria Theresia Henriette Dorothee von Habsburg-Lothringen, Archduchess of Austria-Este (July 2, 1849 - February 3, 1919) was the daughter and only child of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and his wife, Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. She was the last Queen of Bavaria and a Jacobite pretender.

Henry V of England (16 September 1387 - 31 August 1422) was one of the great warrior kings of the Middle Ages. He was born at Monmouth, Wales, 16 September 1387, and he reigned as King of England from 1413 to 1422. Henry was son of Henry of Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king. At the time of his birth during the reign of Richard II, Henry was fairly far removed from the throne, …

Henry IV (3 April 1367 - 20 March 1413) was the King of England and France and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence the other name by which he was known, "Henry (of) Bolingbroke". His father, John of Gaunt, was the third and oldest surviving son of King Edward III of England, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Richard II. Henry's mother was Blanche, …

Mary II (30 April 1662-28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and as Queen of Scots (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. Mary, a Protestant, came to the thrones following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II. Mary reigned jointly with her husband and first cousin, William III, who became the sole ruler of both countries upon her death in 1694.

Henry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 (though with a Regent until 1437) and then from 1470 to 1471, and controversial King of France from 1422 to 1453.

Edward IV was King of England from March 4, 1461 to April 9, 1483, with a break of a few months in the period 1470–1471.

Edward V (4 November 1470 - 1483?) was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later. His reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who succeeded him as Richard III. Along with his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Edward was one of the Princes in the Tower, who were never seen alive after being sent (ostensibly for their own safety) to the Tower of London.

Richard II (6 January 1367 - 14 February 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. He was deposed in 1399 and died the next year.

Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg ("Joseph Wenzel Maximilian Maria von und zu Liechtenstein"), born 24 May 1995 in London), is the eldest child of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein and his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria, Duchess in Bavaria. The prince has three younger siblings: Princess Marie-Caroline (b. 1996), Prince Georg-Antonius (b. 1999) and Prince Nikolaus Sebastian (b. 2000) Joseph Wenzel is named in honour of his ancestor Josef Wenzel, …

Hereditary Princess Sophie Elisabeth Marie Gabrielle of Liechenstein (born October 28, 1967 in Munich), is the daughter of Prince Max-Emanuel, Duke in Bavaria, and Swedish Countess Elisabeth Douglas. She was styled HRH Princess Sophie of Bavaria; in 1973, her father inherited the family name and style Duke in Bavaria from a distant cousin who had adopted him as heir in 1965. Sophie was then styled HRH Duchess Sophie in Bavaria, …