Baruch de Spinoza (lived November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism.

Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in Western philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions and to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws.

Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Marxist literary critic, essayist, translator, and philosopher. He was at times associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory and was also greatly inspired by the Marxism of Bertolt Brecht and Jewish mysticism as presented by Gershom Scholem. As a sociological and cultural critic, Benjamin combined ideas of historical materialism, German idealism, …

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry (including theater), biology and zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, and ethics. Along with Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was one of the most influential of the ancient Greek philosophers. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it.

Herman Dooyeweerd (October 7, 1894, Amsterdam - February 12, 1977) was a Dutch juridical scholar by training, who by vocation was a philosopher, and the founder of a new approach called, "the philosophy of the cosmonomic idea". He received early support for his work from his brother-in-law D. H. Th. Vollenhoven and later from Hendrik G. Stoker in South Africa and Cornelius Van Til in the United States.

Nakamura Hajime(中村元 November 28,1911 - October 10,1999) was a Japanese Buddhist philosopher. Nakamura was born in Matsue, Shimane. He graduated from the Department of Literature at Tokyo University, and was a professor there from 1954 to 1973. After retiring from Tokyo University, he established Toho Gakuin (The Eastern Institute, Inc.) and lectured on philosophy to the general public.

Eric Alfred Havelock (June 3 1903 - April 4 1988) was a British classicist who spent most of his life in Canada and the United States. He was a professor at the University of Toronto and was active in the academic milieu of the Canadian socialist movement during the 1930s. In the 1960s and 1970s, he served as chair of the classics departments at both Harvard and Yale. Although he was trained in the turn-of-the-century Oxbridge tradition of classical studies, …

Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari was an Iranian scholar, cleric, University lecturer, and politician. Motahhari is considered among the important influences on the ideologies of the Islamic Republic, and was a co-founder of Hosseiniye Ershad and the Combatant Clergy Association ("Jāme'e-ye Rowhāniyat-e Mobārez"). Motahhari also was the person who formed the Council of Revolution of Iran, according to an order from Ayatollah Khomeini, …

David Bentley Hart is an Eastern Orthodox theologian, philosopher, writer, and cultural commentator. He has taught at the University of Virginia, the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), Duke Divinity School, and Loyola College in Maryland. He currently holds a one-year appointment as the Robert J. Randall Chair at Providence College. His work exhibits an enormous knowledge of the Western philosophical tradition, from classical antiquity to postmodernity, …

Kosho Uchiyama roshi (1912-1998) was a Soto Zen priest who served as head abbot of Antai-ji temple, a Soto Zen monastery established in 1923 by Oka Sotan. He was born in Tokyo, Japan. In 1937, before his ordination as a monk, Uchiyama receieved a Master's degree in Western philosophy at the renowned Waseda University and later taught at the Miyazaki Theological School in the Miyazaki prefecture of Japan.

Kiyozawa Manshi (1863-1901) was a Japanese Shin Buddhist reformer of samurai background who studied at Tokyo University in Western philosophy under the American philosopher Ernest Fenollosa. Many Shin scholars feel that Kiyozawa's viewpoints are comparable to the religious existentialism of Europe. Many Higashi Honganji scholars trace their line of thought to Kiyozawa Manshi, including such men as Akegarasu Haya (1877-1967), Kaneko Daiei (1881-1976), …

Errol Eustace Harris (1908-) is a contemporary South African philosopher. His work has focused on developing a systematic and coherent account of the logic, metaphysics, and epistemology implicit in contemporary understanding of the world. Harris holds that, in conjunction with empirical science, the Western philosophical tradition, in its commitment to the ideal of reason, contains the resources necessary to accomplish this end.

Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira, more commonly known simply as Sócrates, is a former Brazilian football player. His ability to read the game was highly valued, and his signature move was the blind heel pass. Sócrates is a doctor of medicine, a rare achievement for a professional soccer player (he is a graduate of the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto.

M. Nasroen is an Indonesian scholar in the field of philosophy. He is most famous for having identified and classified Indonesian philosophy as being separate and different from Western and Eastern philosophy. Nasroen reached the peak of his philosophical career when he was chosen as an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, one of Indonesia's largest and most respected universities.

Alexandra Chun (born Bok Yun Chun) is an actress and filmmaker of Korean ancestry living in Los Angeles. She immigrated to the United States when she was seven years old. After attending a boarding school in Maryland, she pursued a study in Western Philosophy at St. John's College, U. S. in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Intent on becoming a medical doctor after graduation, …

Amir Hossein Aryanpour(February 27, 1925, Tehran - July 30, 2001, Tehran) was a Persian philosopher, sociologist and literary figure. Amir Hossein Aryanpour was an expert in western philosophy and Persian culture and Iranistics. He was one of the students of Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, one of the most prominent figures in the history of Persian literature. Aryanpour was a full Professor of Tehran University. He wrote numerous books and articles on sociology, …

Hamid Reza Namazi is an Iranian philosopher, researcher, Rumi scholar and University lecturer. Prof. Hamid Reza Namazi is a graduate in Medicine from Tehran University and hold a PhD degree in philosophy from the United Kingdom. He is currently a full professor of history of western philosophy in Tehran University.

Jeremiah Birnbaum is a singer/songwriter; his music has been described as a combination of rock, folk, blues, country, and compared to such artists as Van Morrison,Jeff Buckley, Johnny Cash, Sheryl Crow, John Mayer, and Mark Kozelek. Birnbaum currently resides in New York and is often seen touring solo, with his band, The Ramblers, or with a collection of fellow songwriters, known collectively as MercyDriver. These include Illinois' Kara Kulpa and Shelley Miller, …

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Surendranath Dasgupta ( Bengali : ) ( 1887 - 1952 ) was a scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy . He was principal of Sanskrit College and later a professor at the University of Calcutta . Dasgupta was born in Kushtia , Bengal (now in Bangladesh ). His ancestral home was in the village Goila in Barisal District . He studied in Ripon College an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta and graduated with honours in Sanskrit .

Renate was born in Germany, and educated in both East and West. She holds Masters degrees of Frankfurt University, and Antioch University (Regent's College) London, and studied Western Philosophy at Birkbeck College London. She worked in London as a literary agent and commissioning editor, before training as an existential psychotherapist and counselor.

Renate was born in Germany, and educated in both East and West. She holds Masters degrees of Frankfurt University, and Antioch University (Regent's College) London, and studied Western Philosophy at Birkbeck College London. She worked in London as a literary agent and commissioning editor, before training as an existential psychotherapist and counselor.