- Liu Bei
Liú Bèi (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. Having risen up from the commoner class, he was initially a small player in the massive civil war leading up to the collapse of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 214, using the stratagems of his chief advisor Zhuge Liang, Liú Bèi conquered Yizhou (益州, … - Cao Pi
Cáo Pī (曹丕, 187-June 29, 226), formally Emperor Wen of (Cao) Wei (曹魏文帝), courtesy name Zihuan (子桓), was born in Qiao County, Pei Commandery (modern Bozhou, Anhui). He was the second son of the Chinese politician and poet Cao Cao and was the first emperor and the real founder of Cao Wei (also known as "Kingdom of Wei") (see Three Kingdoms). Cao Pi, like his father, was a poet. - Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu was the author of "The Art of War", an immensely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory. The name "Sun Tzu" ("Master Sun") is an honorific title bestowed upon Sun Wu (孫武; Sūn Wǔ), the author's name. The character "wu", meaning "military", is the same as the character in "wu shu", or martial art. - Hu Shi
Hu Shi (December 17 1891—February 24 1962), born Hu Hongxing, was a Chinese philosopher and essayist. His courtesy name was Shizhi (適之). Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism. - Cao Rui
Cao Rui, ch. 曹叡, py. cáo rùi, wg. Ts'ao-Jui (205-239) was the son of Cao Pi and the second emperor of the Cao Wei. He is also known as the Emperor Ming of Wei, ch. 魏明帝, py. wèi míng dì, wg. Wei Ming-ti. His courtesy name was Yuanzhong (元仲). Cao Rui's reign was viewed in many different ways throughout Chinese history. - Ling Tong
Ling Tong, courtesy name Gongji (公績), is a general who served Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in China. - Su Shi
Su Shi (1037–1101) was a writer, poet, artist, calligrapher, pharmacologist, and statesman of the Song Dynasty, one of the major poets of the Song era. His courtesy name was Zizhan and his pseudonym was Dongpo Jushi (“Resident of Dongpo”), and he is often referred to as Su Dongpo - Cao Fang
Cao Fang, ch. 曹芳, py. cáo fāng, wg. Ts'ao-Fang (231-274), courtesy name Lanqing (蘭卿, wg. lan-ch'ing) was an emperor of Cao Wei (Kingdom of Wei) during the Three Kingdoms period. He retained the title Prince of Qi (齊王, py. qí wáng, wg. ch'i wang) after he was deposed by Sima Shi, and that is the title he is known for in Sanguo Zhi. - Cai Yong
Cai Yong, courtesy name Bojie (伯喈), was a Chinese musician, a calligrapher of the Han dynasty and author of Qin Cao (琴操). Born in modern Kaifeng, Henan, he plays the guqin and his daughter is the famous Cai Wenji. In 192, He was put to death by Wang Yun for allegedly expressing grief at Dong Zhuo's death, despite pleadings from other government officials. - Cai Wenji
Cai Wenji (b. 177), also known as Cai Yan, was a Han Dynasty poet and composer. She was the daughter of Cai Yong, also a musician. Her courtesy name was originally Zhaoji, but it was changed to Wenji during the Jin Dynasty to avoid a naming conflict with Sima Zhao. She spent part of her life as a prisoner of the Xiongnu tribe, until Cao Cao paid a heavy sum to redeem her in 207. - Jiang Qin
Jiang Qin, courtesy name Gongyi (公奕), was an officer in the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms periods of China. In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Jiang Qin was a pirate at the time he joined Sun Ce. He joined Sun Ce when Ce was taking over Liu Yao in Jiangdong. Sun Ce trusted him greatly, and Jiang Qin was the holder of many titles, including "Army Guard of the Right". - Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (1007 - September 22, 1072), courtesy name is Yongshu, also self nicknamed The Old Drunkard 醉翁, or The Retired Scholar of the One of Six 六一居士 at his late age, was a Chinese statesman, historian, essayist and poet of the Song Dynasty. - Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci (courtesy name:西泰 Xītài) was an Italian Jesuit priest. Matteo Ricci was born in 1552 in Macerata, then part of the Papal States. Ricci started learning theology and law in a Roman Jesuits' school. In 1577, he filed an application to be a member of a Missionary to India, and his journey began in March 1578 from Lisbon, Portugal. He arrived in Goa, a Portuguese Colony, in September 1578, and four years later he was dispatched to China. - Jiang Wei
Jiang Wei, courtesy name Boyue (伯約), was a general and later (arguable) regent of Shu Han during the reign of its second emperor Liu Shan. He was originally a Cao Wei middle level army officer, but joined the Shu Han regent Zhuge Liang on Zhuge's first northern expedition against Cao Wei in 228. Zhuge Liang became impressed with him and immediately made him an army commander. - Wang Mang
Wang Mang (45 BC-October 6, 23), courtesy name Jujun (巨君), was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded Xin (or Hsin) Dynasty (新朝, meaning "new dynasty"), ruling AD 8–23. The Han dynasty was restored after his overthrow, and historians have traditionally viewed Wang as a "usurper", while some others have portrayed him as a visionary and selfless social reformer. - Li He
Li He (790 or 791 - 816), courtesy name Changji (長吉), was a short-lived Chinese poet of the late Tang Dynasty, known for his unconventional and imaginative style. A native of Changgu (昌谷; modern-day Yiyang (宜陽), Henan province), Li was discouraged by some of his contemporaries to take the Imperial Examination owing to naming taboo: his father's name happened to sound similar to "jinshi" (進士), … - Lin Sen
Lin Sen, courtesy name Zichao (子超), sobriquet Changren (長仁), was Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China from 1932 until his death. Born in Shangan Township (尚幹鄉), Minhou County (閩侯縣), Fujian, Lin worked in the Telegram Bureau of Taipei in 1884. After the First Sino-Japanese War, he engaged in guerilla activities against the Japanese occupiers. He returned to the mainland and worked in the Shanghai customs office in 1902. - Li Zongren
Li Tsung-jen (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China under the 1947 Chinese Constitution. - Qian Xuantong
Qian Xuantong was a Chinese phonetician who promoted vernacular Chinese. Born as Qian Xia (钱夏), his courtesy name was Deqian (德潜). Qian was born in Wuxing, Zhejiang. He held the position as a professor in numerous universities. He proposed the eradication of Chinese characters. He was a strong supporter of Esperanto; at times he even proposed the substitution of Chinese by it, … - Liao Hua
Liao Hua, courtesy name Yuanjian (元儉), a military and political figure in ancient Chinese history. According to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he was a former Yellow Turban rebel who proved himself a capable general on multiple occasions. While there is no historical evidence to support this claim, he did live over 70 years, as evidenced in the San Guo Zhi biography of Zong Yu. He was Secretary to the great Shu general Guan Yu. When Guan Yu was defeated, … - Jiang Wan
Jiang Wan (蔣琬) (? - 245), courtesy name Gongyan (公琰) was an official of Shu Han. After Zhuge Liang's death, he succeeded Zhuge as the regent for the emperor Liu Shan. - Zhong Hui
Zhong Hui, courtesy name Tuji (士季), was the son of Zhong Yao, a Chinese calligrapher and general of the Cao Wei. He played a significant role in the final collapse of Shu Han to Cao Wei. Zhong and Deng Ai were equal in rank in the campaign against Shu but he always considered himself more skilled than Deng Ai. He later befriended the Shu general Jiang Wei and they plotted to rebel against Deng Ai, but failed and died in 264. - Fei Yi
Fei Yi (費禕) (* after 200; † 253), courtesy name Wenwei (文偉), was an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period who served as regent after Jiang Wan. - Cai Lun
Cai Lun (ca. AD 50-121), courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲), was a Chinese eunuch, who is conventionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to Egyptian papyrus). Although paper existed in China before Cai Lun (since the 2nd century BC), … - Cao Kun
Cao Kun (Traditional Chinese: 曹錕; Simplified Chinese: 曹锟; pinyin: Cáo Kūn; Wade-Giles: Ts'ao K'un; Courtesy name: Zhongshan (仲珊)) (December 12, 1862-May 15, 1938) was a military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army. - Sun Xiu
Sun Xiu, courtesy name Zilie (子烈), formally Emperor Jing of (Eastern) Wu, was the third emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. - Liu Yao
Liu Yao (劉曜) (d. 329), courtesy name Yongming (永明), was the final emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao. He became emperor in 318 after most other members of the imperial Liu clan were massacred by Jin Zhun in a coup. However, the empire was soon divided in half, as the general Shi Le declared independence and established Later Zhao. In a decisive battle in early 329, Shi captured and executed him, … - Chen Cheng
Chen Cheng (January 4, 1897 - March 5, 1965), Chinese political and military leader, was one of the main Kuomintang (KMT) commanders during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. After moving to Taiwan at the end of the Civil War, he served the Governor of Taiwan, Vice President and Premier of the Republic of China. Under Chiang Kai-shek, he helped initiated a land reform program, giving him a good reputation even after death. - Li Yuanhong
Li Yuanhong (Traditional Chinese: 黎元洪, Pinyin: Lí Yuánhóng, courtesy Songqing 宋卿, 1864 - June 3, 1928) was a Chinese general and political figure during the Qing dynasty and the republican era. He was twice president of the Republic of China. - Wang Bi
Wang Bi, courtesy name Fu Si (辅嗣), was a Chinese philosopher. His most important works are commentaries on Laozi's "Dao De Jing" and the "I Ching". The text of the "Dao De Jing" that appeared with his commentary was widely considered as the best copy of this work until the discovery of the Mawangdui texts in 1973. He served as a minor bureaucrat in the Kingdom of Wei, one of the Three Kingdoms, and was married with a daughter. - Zhong Yao
Zhong Yao, courtesy name Yuanchang (元常), was a Chinese calligrapher and minister of Cao Wei. Born in modern Xuchang, Henan, he was at one time entrusted to guard Changan, but ended up losing by the fierce attack of Ma Chao. Following Cao Pi's death and Cao Rui taking the throne, Yao was appointed as a Grand Teacher of Wei. As a student of Cai Yong, a famous calligrapher, he also contributed to the development of regular script. - Zhuge Ke
Zhuge Ke, courtesy name Yuanxun (元遜), was the son of the Eastern Wu minister, Zhuge Jin, whose younger brother was the great Shu statesman Zhuge Liang. He succeeded Lu Xun after Lu's death. After the death of the founding emperor Sun Quan, Zhuge served as regent for his son Sun Liang, but the regency proved to be militarily disastrous due to Zhuge's overagressiveness against Cao Wei. In 253, Zhuge was killed, along with his clan, in a coup. - Wei Guan
Wei Guan (衛瓘) (220-291), courtesy name Boyu (伯玉), formally Duke Cheng of Lanling (蘭陵成公), was a Cao Wei and Jin Dynasty (265-420) official. - Sun Hao
Sun Hao (孫皓) (242-284), courtesy name Yuanzong (元宗), originally named Sun Pengzu (孫彭祖) with the courtesy name Haozong (皓宗), was the fourth and final emperor of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the son of Sun He (孫和), an one-time crown prince of the founding emperor Sun Quan. - Jia Chong
Jia Chong (賈充) (217-282), courtesy name Gonghe (公闔), formally Duke Wu of Lu (魯武公), was an important official during the reign of Jin Dynasty (265-420)'s founding emperor, Emperor Wu. - Liu Ji
Liu Ji (Simplified Chinese: 刘基; Traditional Chinese: 劉基; Pinyin: Liú Jī; Wade-Giles: Liu Chi; July 1, 1311 — 16 May, 1375), courtesy name Liu Bowen (劉伯温), posthumous name Wencheng (文成), was a Chinese military strategist, officer, statesman and poet of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasty. He lived in Nantian Town, Wencheng County, Wenzhou, but came from Qiantian County. - Liu Ji
Liu Ji (劉洎) (d. 646), courtesy name Sidao (思道), was a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, who was particularly relied on by Emperor Taizong late in his reign. However, around the new year 646, Liu Ji was accused of planning to seize power after Emperor Taizong's death, and Emperor Taizong ordered him to commit suicide. - Guan Zhong
Guan Zhong (管仲) (born 725 BC, died in 645 BC) was a politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. His given name was "Yíwú" (夷吾). "Zhong" was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC. Guan Zhong modernized the state of "Qi" by starting multiple reforms. Politically, he centralized power and divided the state into different villages, … - Li Zhi
Li Zhi (1527-1602) was a prominent Chinese philosopher, historian and writer in the late Ming dynasty. He was born in Jinjiang, Fujian province, the descendant of a Persian woman from which his seven generation grand father married. He is also often referred to by his courtesy name Zhuowu (卓吾). His philosophy was based upon the Neo-Confucianism. Strongly disagreeing with assimilating oneself to conventional behavior, Li Zhi tried to spread his ideas. - Zhang Liang
Zhang Liang, courtesy name Zifang (子房), formally Marquess Wencheng of Liang, was a descendant from a noble family of State of Hán during the Warring States Period. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all officials of Hán. Zhang Liang had once planned an assassination against Qin Shi Huang but the employed assassin mistakenly destroyed the decoy vehicle. Zhang was then forced to flee.
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