Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. Rousseau also made important contributions to music both as a theorist and as a composer.

Adam Smith FRSE (baptised June 5 1723 O.S. / June 16 N.S. - July 17, 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. He is a major contributor to the modern perception of economics. One of the key figures of the intellectual movement known as the Scottish Enlightenment, he is known primarily as the author of two treatises: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), …

David Hume (April 26, 1711 - August 25, 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Although in recent years interest in Hume's work has centred on his philosophical writing, it was as a historian that he first gained recognition and respect.

Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d'Holbach was a German-French author, philosopher and encyclopedist. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, Germany but lived and worked mainly in Paris. He is most famous as being one of the first self-described atheists in Europe.

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a "Condorcet method". Unlike many of his contemporaries, he advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public education, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women and people of all races. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, …

André Morellet was a French economist and writer. He was one of the last of the "philosophes", and in this character he figures in many memoirs, such as those of Madame de Rémusat. He was born at LYON, and educated by the Jesuits there, and later at the Sorbonne. He took holy orders, but without much conviction. Voltaire called him "L'Abbé Mords-les", because of his ready and biting wit.

Carl Lotus Becker was an American historian. He was born in Waterloo, Black Hawk County, Iowa. He studied at the University of Wisconsin. Frederick Jackson Turner was his doctoral advisor there. Becker got his Ph.D. in 1907. He was John Wendell Anderson Professor of History in the Department of History at Cornell University from 1917 to 1941. He is best known for "The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers" (1932), …

The "Times" obituary of Adam Smith was an interesting document showing how he was seen at the time. After discussing his time at Balliol College, the obituary discusses his choice of a career. It obliquely explains that he had ceased to believe in Christianity: :When the time of his residence at Oxford expired, the question arose what line he was afterwards to pursue. He was destitute of patrimony and had not any turn for business.

Pope Clement XIII (Venice, March 7, 1693 - February 2, 1769 in Rome), born Carlo della Torre Rezzonico, was Pope from 6 July 1758 to 2 February 1769. He was born to a recently ennobled family of Venice, received a Jesuit education in Bologna and became a cardinal in 1737. Previously he had filled various important posts in the Curia and had been bishop of Padua since 1743. He became pope on July 6, 1758.

Rousseau lived for thirty years with an uneducated seamstress named Thérèse Lavasseur, whom he met in 1745. They had five children, all of whom Rousseau had sent to foundling homes in infancy. Conditions being very poor at orphanages in the 18th century, it is unlikely any of them survived. Late in life Rousseau came to regret his actions and tried to track his children down in the hopes of contacting them or at least knowing their final fates, but had no success.

Jacques Bouveresse is a philosopher who has written on subjects including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Musil, Karl Kraus, the philosophy of science, epistemology, the philosophy of mathematics, and analytical philosophy. As a result of his attacks on Michel Foucault, Lyotard, Derrida, and others, he has often managed to raise the analytical stakes in French academic circles, where analytical philosophy is not well understood.

Pascal Bruckner is a French writer. After studies at the university Paris I and Paris VII, and then at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, he became "maître de conférence" at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. A prolific writer, Pascal Bruckner began writing in the vein of the so-called "nouveaux philosophes" and counts among their best known French proponents.

Jean-Philibert Damiron was a French philosopher. He was born at Belleville. At nineteen he entered the normal school, where he studied under Eugène Burnouf, Abel-Francois Villemain, and Victor Cousin. After teaching for several years in provincial towns, he came to Paris, where he lectured on philosophy in various institutions, and finally became professor in the normal school, and titular professor at the Sorbonne.

Philo of Byzantium, a Greek writer on mechanics, (born about 280 BCE) flourished during the latter half of the 2nd century B.C. He was probably younger than Ctesibius, though some place him a century earlier.

Louis-Nicolas Ménard was a French man of letters also known for his discovery of collodion. He was born in Paris. His versatile genius occupied itself in turn with chemistry, poetry, painting and history. In 1843 he published, under the pseudonym of L. de Senneville, a translation of "Promethee delivri". Turning to chemistry, he discovered collodion in 1846, …

Michel Onfray is a French philosopher. Born to a family of Norman farmers, he graduated with a Ph.D. in philosophy. He taught this subject to senior students at a technical high school in Caen between 1983 and 2002, before establishing the "Université populaire de Caen" on a free-of-charge basis, for which he wrote a manifesto in 2004 ("La communauté philosophique"). After suffering a heart attack aged 28 and being advised to change his diet, …

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