- Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a German monk, theologian, and church reformer. Luther's theology challenged the authority of the papacy by emphasizing the Bible as the sole source of religious authority and the church as a priesthood of all believers. According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by faith in Jesus as the messiah, a faith unmediated by the church. These ideas helped to inspire the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western civilization. - Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: "Benedictus PP. XVI"; Italian: "Benedetto XVI"), born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on April 16, 1927 in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany, is the 265th and reigning Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, and as such, Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on April 19, 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on April 24, 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. - Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas (also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. 1225 - 7 March 1274) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest in the Order of Preachers, a philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis and Doctor Communis. He is the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. St. - John Calvin
John Calvin (July 10, 1509 - May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva, he rejected Papal authority, established a new scheme of civic and ecclesiastical governance, and created a central hub from which Reformed theology was propagated. - Rowan Williams
Rowan Douglas Williams, PC, DPhil, DD, FBA, (born 14 June 1950) is the 104th and current Archbishop of Canterbury, metropolitan of the province of Canterbury, Primate of All England and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Williams is a distinguished theologian and poet. - Matthew Henry
Matthew Henry (October 18, 1662 - June 22, 1714), was an English non-conformist clergyman. He was born at Broad Oak, a farmhouse on the borders of Flintshire and Shropshire. His father, Philip Henry, had just been ejected by the Act of Uniformity. Unlike most of his fellow-sufferers, Philip possessed some private means, and was thus able to give his son a good education. Matthew went first to a school at Islington, and then to Gray's Inn. - William James
William James was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. He was the brother of novelist Henry James and of diarist Alice James. William James was born at the Astor House in New York City, son of Henry James, Sr., … - Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (February 4, 1906 - April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian, participant in the German Resistance movement against Nazism, and a founding member of the Confessing Church. He was involved in plots planned by members of the Abwehr (the German Military Intelligence Office) to assassinate Adolf Hitler. He was arrested in March 1943, imprisoned, and eventually hanged just before the end of the World War II in Europe. - Francis Schaeffer
Francis A. Schaeffer (30 January 1912 - 15 May 1984), an American Evangelical theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor, is most famous for his writings and his establishment of the L'Abri community in Switzerland. Opposed to theological modernism, Schaeffer promoted an orthodox Protestant faith and a presuppositional approach to Christian apologetics, which he believed would answer the questions of the age. - Origen
Origen (Greek: "Ōrigénēs", 185–ca. 254) was an early Christian scholar, theologian, and one of the most distinguished of the early fathers of the Christian Church. He is thought to have been born at Alexandria. He taught in Alexandria, reviving the Catechetical School of Alexandria where Clement had taught. The patriarch of Alexandria at first supported Origen but later expelled him for being ordained without the patriarch's permission. - Paul Tillich
Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 - October 22, 1965) was a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher. Tillich was, along with contemporary Karl Barth, one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the twentieth century. - Wayne Grudem
Wayne A. Grudem is a Protestant theologian and author. Grudem holds a BA from Harvard University, a Master of Divinity from Westminster Theological Seminary, and a PhD from the University of Cambridge. In 2001, Grudem became Research Professor of Bible and Theology at Phoenix Seminary. Prior to that, he had taught for 20 years at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, where he was chairman of the department of Biblical and Systematic Theology. - Adam Clarke
Adam Clarke (1760 or 1762-1832) was a British Methodist theologian and Biblical scholar. He is chiefly remembered for writing a commentary on the Bible which took him forty years to complete and which was a primary Methodist theological resource for two centuries. As a theologian, Clarke reinforced the teachings of Methodist founder John Wesley. He taught that the Bible provides a complete interpretation of God's nature and will. - Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal, (June 19 1623-August 19 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. - John Murray
John Murray (October 14, 1898 - May 8, 1975) was a Scottish-born Reformed theologian who taught at Princeton Seminary and then left to help found Westminster Theological Seminary, where he taught for many years. - Joyce Meyer
Pauline Joyce Hutchison Meyer, usually known as Joyce Meyer (born on June 4, 1943) is a charismatic Christian author and speaker. Her television and radio programs air in 25 languages in 200 countries. She has written over 70 books on Christianity and theology. Joyce and her husband, Dave, have four grown children, and live in St. Louis, Missouri. Her ministry is headquartered in the St. Louis suburb of Fenton, Missouri. - Karl Rahner
Karl Rahner, SJ (March 5, 1904 - March 30, 1984) was a German theologian, one of the most influential Roman Catholic theologians of the 20th century. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, and died in Innsbruck, Austria. His theology influenced the Second Vatican Council and was ground-breaking for the development of what is generally seen as the modern understanding of Catholicism. - Vincent de Paul
Saint Vincent de Paul (April 24, 1581 - September 27, 1660) was born at Pouy, Landes, Gascony, France to a peasant family. His feast was formerly kept on July 19, but is now observed on September 27 - the day of his death. He studied humanities at Dax with the Cordeliers and he graduated in theology at Toulouse. Vincent de Paul was ordained in 1600, remaining in Toulouse until he went to Marseille for an inheritance. - Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 - 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book "Leviathan" established the agenda for nearly all subsequent Western political philosophy. Although Hobbes is today best remembered for his work on political philosophy, he contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history, geometry, theology, ethics, general philosophy, and what would now be called political science. - Duns Scotus
Blessed John Duns Scotus (c. 1266 - November 8, 1308) was a theologian, philosopher, and logician. Some argue that during his tenure at Oxford, the systematic examination of what differentiates theology from philosophy and science began in earnest. He was one of the most influential theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages, nicknamed "Doctor Subtilis" for his penetrating manner of thought. - Reinhold Niebuhr
Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 - June 1, 1971) was a Protestant theologian best known for his study of the task of relating the Christian faith to the reality of modern politics and diplomacy. He is a crucial contributor to modern just war thinking. - Lactantius
Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius?) Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (ca. 240 - ca. 320). Lactantius, a Latin-speaking native of North Africa, was a pupil of Arnobius (according to Methodius, "Chastity" 9.2) and taught rhetoric in various cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, ending in Constantinople. He wrote apologetic works explaining Christianity in terms that would be palatable to educated pagans while defending it from pagan philosophers. - John Frame
John M. Frame (born 1939) is an American philosopher and a Calvinist theologian especially noted for his work in epistemology and presuppositional apologetics, systematic theology, and ethics. He is one of the foremost interpreters and critics of the thought of Cornelius Van Til. - Ignatius Of Antioch
Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of Apostle John. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops. - John Shelby Spong
John Shelby Spong (born 16 June 1931 in Charlotte, North Carolina) is the retired Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark (based in Newark, New Jersey). He is a liberal theologian, biblical scholar, religion commentator and author. He promotes traditionally liberal causes, such as racial equality. He also calls for a fundamental rethinking of Christian belief, away from theism and from the afterlife as reward or punishment for human behavior. - Meister Eckhart
Johannes Eckhart O.P., also known as Eckhart von Hochheim and widely referred to as Meister Eckhart, was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Erfurt, in Thuringia. "Meister" is German for "Master", referring to the academic title he obtained in Paris. - Albert Schweitzer
Albert Schweitzer, M.D., OM, (January 14, 1875 - September 4, 1965), was an Alsatian theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. He was born in Kaisersberg, Alsace-Lorraine (at that time part of the German Empire). After the Allies' victory in 1918, he asked for French nationality according to his Alsacian ancestries, and got it without trouble. Later, he challenged both the secular view of historical Jesus current at his time and the traditional Christian view, … - Peter Leithart
Peter J. Leithart is the author of many books on literature and theology, a frequent contributor to such ecumenical and Trinitarian publications as "First Things", "Touchstone", and "Credenda/Agenda", as well as theological journals such as "Westminster Theological Journal". Ordained in the Presbyterian Church in America, he is also a pastor of Trinity Reformed Church, a congregation of the Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches. - Cornelius van Til
Cornelius Van Til (May 3, 1895 - April 17, 1987), born in Grootegast, the Netherlands, was a Christian philosopher, Reformed theologian, and presuppositional apologist. - David Ray Griffin
David Ray Griffin (born 1939) is a retired professor of philosophy of religion and theology and a proponent of 9/11 conspiracy theories that implicate members of the United States government in the attacks. Along with John B. Cobb, Jr. he is considered a foundational thinker in Process theology. - Hal Lindsey
Harold Lee "Hal" Lindsey (born November 23 1929) is an American evangelist and Christian writer. A graduate of the Dallas Theological Seminary, a prominent Christian Zionist and dispensationalist author, he expresses this theology in his writings. He currently resides in the Palm Springs area of Southern California. - Miroslav Volf
Miroslav Volf (Born in Osijek, Croatia - 1956), is an influential Christian theologian and currently the Henry B. Wright Professor of Theology at Yale University Divinity School and Director of the Yale Center for Faith and Culture. He has been a member in both the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Evangelical Church in Croatia. He is widely known for his works on systematic theology, ethics, conflict resolution, and peace-making. - Douglas Wilson
Douglas James Wilson (born 18 June 1953) is a conservative Reformed and evangelical theologian, pastor at Christ Church in Moscow, Idaho, faculty member at New Saint Andrews College, and prolific author and speaker. - Al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the development of a systematic view of Sufism and its integration and acceptance in mainstream Islam. He was a scholar of orthodox Islam, belonging to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence and to the Asharite school of theology. Ghazali received many titles such as "Sharaful A'emma", "Zainuddin" (Arabic: زین الدین), "Hujjatul Islam", meaning "Proof of Islam" (Arabic: حجة الاسلام). - Alexander Schmemann
Alexander Schmemann was a prominent 20th century Orthodox Christian priest, teacher, and writer. Schmemann was born in Tallinn (Reval) Estonia to Russian émigrés. His family moved to France, where he received his university education. He married Juliana Osorguine in 1943, before completing his theological studies at the Orthodox Theological Institute of St. Sergius in Paris (where he studied with the great Russian theologian, Sergei Bulgakov, … - Henri de Lubac
"His Eminence" Henri-Marie Cardinal de Lubac, SJ (February 20, 1896-September 4, 1991) was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church, and is considered to be one of the most influential theologians of the 20th Century. His writings and doctrinal research played a key role in the shaping of the Second Vatican Council. - Roger Williams
Roger Williams (December 21, 1603-April 1, 1684) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of the separation of Church and State, an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans, founder of the city of Providence, Rhode Island and co-founder of the colony of Rhode Island. He is the originator of either the first or second Baptist church established in America. - Sinclair Ferguson
Sinclair Ferguson (born 1948) is a Scottish theologian known in Reformed Christian circles for his teaching, writing, and editorial work. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Aberdeen and was a minister in the Church of Scotland from 1971 to 2005, when he transferred to the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. He has served as an editor with the Banner of Truth Trust and worked as a minister at St George's-Tron Church, Glasgow. - John Polkinghorne
Rev. Dr. John Polkinghorne, KBE, FRS, PhD, ScD, MA, (born October 16, 1930 in Weston-super-Mare, England) is a British particle physicist and theologian. He has written extensively on matters concerning science and faith, and was awarded the Templeton Prize in 2002. - Michael Horton
Michael Scott Horton is the J. Gresham Machen Professor of Theology and Apologetics at Westminster Seminary California, editor-in-chief of "Modern Reformation" magazine, and host of the nationally syndicated radio broadcast, "The White Horse Inn." He was formerly the president of Christians United for Reformation (CURE), which later merged to become the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals (ACE). From 2001 to 2004 Horton served as the president of the Alliance, …
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